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2024 100% Free CWISA-102 Daily Practice Exam With 69 Questions [Q36-Q60]

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2024 100% Free CWISA-102 Daily Practice Exam With 69 Questions

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Q36. What factor severely limits the range of systems operating in the 60GHz band?

Atmospheric Scattering

Solar Radiation

Rain Fade

Oxygen Fade

60GHz Absorption: The 60GHz band experiences significant signal attenuation due to absorption by oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. This severely restricts the usable range of wireless systems operating in this frequency.
Why Other Options Don’t Apply:
Atmospheric Scattering: Impacts longer wavelength transmissions, less significant at 60GHz.
Solar Radiation: Can cause interference on some frequencies, but not a primary range limitation at 60GHz.
Rain Fade: Primarily affects higher frequencies (above 10GHz), but its impact is less severe than oxygen absorption at 60GHz.
References:
60GHz Propagation Characteristics: Technical papers discussing oxygen absorption and its influence on range limitations.
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) Communication: Overviews highlighting the challenges and short-range applications of 60GHz systems.

Q37. You are defining capacity for a wireless solution. What is the most important factor related to each use case defined in relation to capacity?

Total airtime utilization

Support for mobility

Number of devices

Protocols used on each device

Capacity Planning: The number of devices a wireless network can support is the primary determinant of its required capacity. This is because:
Traffic Load: Each device generates network traffic that contributes to the overall load.
Resource Sharing: Devices compete for airtime and bandwidth resources.
Device Type: Requirements vary; a simple sensor has different needs than a video camera.

Q38. What is defined as the weakening of signal amplitude as the signal passes through a medium?

Diffraction

Reflection

Attenuation

Scattering

Attenuation: Describes the progressive loss of signal strength as it travels through a medium (like air, cables, walls). It’s caused by factors like absorption, distance, and obstacles.
Other Phenomena:
Diffraction: Bending of waves around obstacles.
Reflection: Waves bouncing off surfaces.
**Scattering: ** Waves dispersing in multiple directions.
References
Attenuation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation

Q39. Which one of the following location tracking technologies is most energy efficient in typical implementations?

BLE Beacons

Cellular

GPS

Wi-Fi

BLE Beacon Power Efficiency: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons are designed for low power consumption. Their primary function is to periodically broadcast short data packets (advertising their presence).
Other Technologies:
Cellular: More power-hungry due to long-range communication and complex protocols.
GPS: Power intensive, especially when actively tracking location.
Wi-Fi:

Q40. What is defined as the weakening of signal amplitude as the signal passes through a medium?

Reflection

Scattering

Diffraction

Attenuation

Q41. What software is typically stored in ROM and is used to initialize a device?

Firmware

Application

Container

Service

Firmware Definition: Firmware is a type of software embedded in hardware devices. It provides low-level instructions that control the basic operations and initialization of the device.
ROM Storage: Firmware is typically stored in Read-Only Memory (ROM) or other forms of non-volatile memory, meaning it persists even when the device is powered off.
Functions:
Booting: Initiates the hardware and loads the operating system.
Hardware Control: Provides an interface between the hardware and the operating system.
BIOS: The firmware on PCs is often referred to as BIOS (Basic Input/Output System).
References
Firmware Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware
ROM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory

Q42. You must ensure proper security controls are in place for a wireless solution. The solution allows for the use of groups to grant access to resources and capabilities. What is the term used to describe a situation where an individual is granted more access than required because of inclusion in a group?

Improper delegation

Privilege escalation

Privilege creep

Improper grouping

Privilege Creep Defined: Gradual accumulation of excessive permissions over time, often due to users changing roles or access needs not being adjusted accordingly.
Other Terms:
Privilege Escalation: A malicious act of obtaining higher-than-authorized access.
Improper Delegation/Grouping: Faulty permission assignment, but not the gradual accretion aspect.
References:
Principle of Least Privilege: Security best practice emphasizing the need to minimize access to only what’s necessary.
Access Control Models: Discussions of how privilege creep can violate security principles.

Q43. Which one of the following is NOT a typical Smart City application?

City-wide municipal Wi-Fi

Pollution monitoring

Demand-based road tolling

Self-driving ride sharing

Smart City Focus: Smart city initiatives mainly address infrastructure, environmental monitoring, and optimization of public services.
Ride-sharing Context: While self-driving technology could contribute to future smart city transportation, it’s primarily a private-sector innovation, not a core municipal service like the other options.
Typical Smart City Applications:
Wi-Fi: Provides public internet access, enabling data collection
Pollution Monitoring: Tracks air/water quality for environmental management.
Demand-based Tolling: Adjusts pricing for traffic management.
References:
Smart City Examples: Case studies showcasing common application areas (infrastructure, environment, utilities).
Autonomous Vehicles and Smart Cities: Discussions of the potential interplay but emphasize the still-developing nature of self-driving tech.

Q44. Key performance indicators and business requirements are most relevant to what operational activity for an existing wireless IoT solution?

Implementation

Monitoring

Upgrading

Removal

KPI alignment: Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) define success metrics for the wireless IoT solution (e.g., uptime, device responsiveness, data accuracy). Continuous monitoring tracks performance against these KPIs.
Meeting Business Needs: Monitoring ensures the solution delivers the intended value. Are response times fast enough? Are business processes supported effectively?
Proactive maintenance: Monitoring can reveal performance issues before they become critical failures, allowing for proactive fixes.
Optimization: Monitoring data over time helps identify areas for fine-tuning the solution to further align with business requirements.
References
Wireless IoT monitoring tools: Vendor documentation or articles on specific tools and the KPIs they can track.
ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library): Frameworks emphasizing monitoring and continuous improvement.

Q45. What primary component is required to implement a wireless transceiver in a device?

GPIO pins

SRAM

Flash memory

Radio

Wireless Transceiver: A transceiver is a combination of a transmitter and receiver used for wireless communication.
Radio: The radio is the primary component responsible for:
Modulation: Encoding data onto a carrier wave.
Demodulation: Extracting data from a received signal.
Transmission/Reception: Handling the actual sending and receiving of modulated signals over the air.
References
Transceiver: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiver

Q46. As an RF signal propagates it becomes weaker as it gets farther away from the transmitter. What concept is described?

Free Space Path Loss

RF latency

Beamwidth

Diffraction

The concept described is Free Space Path Loss (FSPL). FSPL refers to the reduction in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through a clear, unobstructed path in free space. This weakening of the signal is due to the spreading of the wavefront as it travels, causing the power to be distributed over a larger area. The FSPL can be calculated using the Friis Transmission Equation, which shows that the received power decreases with the square of the distance from the transmitter. This concept is fundamental to understanding the behavior of RF signals in various communication systems, including wireless IoT, where the signal strength at the receiver is a critical factor for reliable data transmission.
References:
The information provided aligns with the Friis Transmission Equation, which models how the power of an RF signal decreases with distance1. Additionally, the concept of FSPL is a well-known phenomenon in RF propagation, affecting the design and optimization of wireless communication systems

Q47. What is an important acceptance agreement to achieve in the final customer meeting for a wireless IoT deployment?

Stakeholder acceptance

Support for wearable IoT solutions

Scope definition

Power supply provisioning

Successful Deployment Depends on Buy-In: A final customer meeting signifies the handover phase. Achieving stakeholder agreement ensures everyone impacted by the solution has a voice and feels their concerns are addressed.
Sign-Off and Formal Acceptance: Stakeholders often need to formally “sign-off” on a project’s completion, indicating satisfaction and readiness for operational use.
Other Options: While Important, Not the Primary Goal:
Scope definition typically happens much earlier
Solutions may or may not include wearables
Power supply should already be planned
References:
Project Management Methodologies: Emphasis on stakeholder involvement & acceptance criteria.
ITIL (Change Management): Materials on getting approval before a system goes live.

Q48. What is the role of the ITU in wireless communications?

Defines international communications standards

Oversees communications regulatory agencies in each country

Coordinates the shared global use of the radio spectrum

Establishes wireless radiation exposure limits

ITU’s Mandate: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on global information and communication technologies (ICTs).
Radio Spectrum Regulation: A core ITU function is allocating radio spectrum bands and satellite orbits to prevent harmful interference between different countries and technologies. This coordination is essential for the orderly use of wireless communications worldwide.
Other ITU Roles: While involved in standard-setting and establishing best practices, options A and D are less precise than the ITU’s spectrum coordination focus.
References:
ITU Website: (https://www.itu.int/en/) Outlines its activities and governance of radio spectrum.
ITU Radio Regulations: The international treaty governing the use of the radio-frequency spectrum.

Q49. What is the most important consideration when deciding whether to implement a wired or wireless solution?

The distance between nodes

The availability of PoE

The applications being used

Business and system requirements

Requirements Drive Decisions: The decision between wired or wireless must align with the solution’s overall purpose, performance targets, and operational constraints.
Key Considerations:
Reliability: Does the application require guaranteed connectivity? (Wired may be favored).
Installation Cost: Can extensive cabling be done, or is it prohibitively expensive? (Wireless may be favored).
Flexibility and Scalability: Is node placement likely to change in the future? (Wireless may be favored).
Other Factors are Important, But Secondary: Distance, PoE availability, specific applications all matter, but they are assessed within the context of the overarching business needs.
References:
Wireless vs. Wired Network Design: Comparisons of pros and cons, highlighting how use cases guide the choice.
IoT Solution Planning: Materials on defining requirements before selecting technology.

Q50. Why is it important to adhere to safety and building codes when installing equipment?

They can be ignored as they are regulations designed for other industries

It is an insurance requirement designed to reduce insurance rates and reduce Incident reports against Insurance policies

It prevents equipment from falling to the floor and being damaged because of the Impact

It protects the life and health of Installers and end users during installation and after the system Is deployed

Primary Concern: Safety: Building codes and safety regulations are there to prevent injury and accidents. This includes potential harm from improper equipment installation (falling objects, electrical hazards, etc.).
Legal and Ethical Responsibility: Organizations have an obligation to provide a safe workplace for employees and protect the well-being of end-users.
Insurance Considerations: While complying with codes may impact insurance rates, this shouldn’t be the primary motivation, as safety itself is paramount.
References:
Occupational Safety and Health (e.g., OSHA in the US): Websites of regulatory bodies outlining guidelines for safe equipment installation in various settings.
Electrical Codes (e.g., National Electrical Code): Standards that address safe practices to prevent fire and shock hazards.

Q51. What is the most common difference between a single board computer (SBC) and a controller board?

SBCs typically have connectors for display and input devices while controller boards do not

Controller boards have I/O headers and SBCs do not

SBCs always have connectors for M2 devices and controller boards do not

Controller boards have more powerful processors than most SBCs

SBCs (Single Board Computers): Designed as standalone, small-form-factor computers. They often include:
Display Interfaces: HDMI, DisplayPort, etc.
Input Connections: USB for keyboards, mice, etc.
General Purpose Functionality: Can run a full operating system for wider applications.
Controller Boards: Focus on controlling specific hardware or systems.
Limited direct I/O: Limited connectors for displays/input devices.
Specialized tasks: Designed for embedded applications within larger systems.
References
SBC Examples: https://www.raspberrypi.org/, https://www.beagleboard.org/ Controller Board Examples: https://www.arduino.cc/

Q52. How is ASK modulation different from FSK modulation?

ASK varies the amplitude of the signal while FSK shifts its frequency

FSK is more sensitive to noise than ASK

ASK does not work at high frequencies

ASK can carry more data than FSK

Key Modulation Differences:
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying): Digital data is represented by changes in the amplitude (strength) of a carrier wave.
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying): Digital data is represented by changes in the frequency of a carrier wave.
References
ASK: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying
FSK: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying

Q53. You have implemented a wireless mesh network. All mesh nodes are properly configured for participation in the same mesh network. Several of the mesh nodes are unable to connect to other mesh nodes. What action may provide a solution to this problem?

Place the faulty mesh nodes in their own mesh network

Move the faulty mesh nodes to provide for better signal strength

Change the output power settings only on the faulty mesh nodes

Change the security settings on the faulty mesh nodes

Mesh Connectivity Depends on Signal: Mesh nodes relay data for each other. Weak signal strength between nodes can disrupt connectivity throughout the network.
Troubleshooting Signal Issues: Physically relocating affected nodes can improve their ability to form stable connections with other nodes in the mesh.
Why Other Options May Not Help:
Separate Mesh: Splits the network, not solving the root connectivity issue Output Power: May help marginally, but significant improvement is typically achieved through repositioning.
Security Settings: Unlikely to cause connectivity issues between properly configured nodes in the same mesh.
References:
Wireless Mesh Network Troubleshooting: Guides addressing signal strength and coverage concerns.
RF Site Survey Tools: Resources on software that can help visualize signal strength and aid in node placement.

Q54. What does the number in the various Quadrature Amplitude Modulation levels, such as 16 in QAM-16 and 64 in QAM-64, indicate? (Choose the single best answer.)

The speed of data transfer, which is four times the number in the QAM level

The channel width, which is stipulated in MHz

The number of target points in the QAM constellation, which are equivalent to amplitude and phase combinations

The number of spatial streams, which is 1/4 the number in the QAM level

QAM Constellations: QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) uses a constellation diagram where points represent unique combinations of amplitude and phase.
Bits per Symbol: The number in QAM-XX indicates the number of points:
QAM-16: 16 points = 2^4 = 4 bits per symbol
QAM-64: 64 points = 2^6 = 6 bits per symbol
Higher Data Rates: More points in the constellation enable transmitting more bits per symbol, leading to higher data rates at the same bandwidth.
References
QAM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation

Q55. What advantage is provided by using an NTP server within a wireless solution architecture?

It provides for semi-automatic IP addressing in wireless sensor networks

It ensures security through AES encryption

It ensures uniform, synchronized time among devices

It provides for name resolution for older network devices

Importance of Time Sync in IoT: Coordinated actions, accurate data analysis, and event logging in wireless IoT solutions often rely on devices having a shared time reference.
NTP’s Role: Network Time Protocol (NTP) enables devices to synchronize their clocks against a reliable time source (NTP server), ensuring consistency across the network.
Why Other Options Don’t Fit:
IP Addressing: Usually handled by DHCP, not NTP.
Encryption: SSL/TLS secure data in transit, not related to timekeeping.
Name Resolution: Purpose of DNS, not NTP.
References:
Network Time Protocol (NTP): How it works and its importance in distributed systems.
IoT Time Synchronization Challenges: Articles highlighting the need for accuracy in sensor networks and similar use cases.

Q56. You are troubleshooting a problem with a wireless solution that uses MQTT where the IoT end devices are not reporting to the MQTT server/broker. At what Layer of the OSI Model should troubleshooting begin when using a bottom-up method?

Layer 1

Layer 4

Layer 5

Layer 6

Bottom-Up Troubleshooting: The OSI model provides a structured diagnostic approach. Starting at Layer 1 ensures basic physical connectivity issues are ruled out first.
MQTT Relies on IP: MQTT operates at a higher layer of the OSI model, relying on TCP/IP (Layers 4 and 3) for communication. Problems at the physical layer will disrupt everything built upon it.
Checking the Fundamentals: Before investigating complex application issues (MQTT), verify cables, link lights, Wi-Fi signal strength, etc.
References:
OSI Model: Descriptions of the seven layers, emphasizing the foundation provided by Layer 1 (Physical).
Network Troubleshooting Guides: Resources that outline common Layer 1 problems and their symptoms.

Q57. What function does the IEEE perform in relation to wireless technologies?

Promotes technology and standards development

Designs wireless chipsets

Certified equipment to be compatible

Brings wireless products to market

IEEE’s Role: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a global organization critical in developing and promoting technical standards across various fields, including wireless technologies.
Standards Work: IEEE creates wireless technology standards like:
IEEE 802.11: Wi-Fi standards
IEEE 802.15.4: Basis for ZigBee, Thread, and other low-power networks
References
IEEE: https://www.ieee.org/

Q58. What best describes a proof-of-concept implementation?

Testing for software bugs that might impact the end user

A limited-scope prototype deployment in the target environment to test and demonstrate capabilities in the real world

A full-scale test deployment in the target environment for users to work with

A demonstration provided by the manufacturer in their facility that shows the capabilities of the system

Purpose of POC: A proof-of-concept (POC) validates the feasibility and potential value of a solution within its intended operational environment.
Scaling: POCs are small-scale, allowing for quicker and less costly testing before committing to a full-scale deployment.
Real-world Evaluation: Unlike manufacturer demos, a POC exposes the system to the unique variables (e.g., interference, usage patterns) present in the user’s specific setting.
References:
IT project management: Materials discussing the role of proof-of-concept phases and their goals.

Q59. What kind of PoE device can be used to power a non-PoE connected object assuming PoE power is provided on the Ethernet cable?

PoE midspan injector

PoE endspan switch

PoE coupler

PoE splitter

PoE Splitter: A PoE splitter separates power and data from a PoE-enabled Ethernet cable, allowing the powering of non-PoE devices.
Other PoE Devices:
PoE Injector: Adds power to non-PoE Ethernet cable.
PoE Switch: Provides power directly through its ports.

Q60. What best describes the area covered or connected by a WWAN?

City

Campus

Region

In-building

WWAN (Wide-Area Wireless Network): WWANs provide connectivity over extensive geographic areas, typically covering regions or even entire countries.
Cellular Technology: WWANs often rely on cellular networks (3G, 4G, 5G) offered by mobile carriers.
References
WWAN: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_wide_area_network

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