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Free Feb-2026 Virginia-Real-Estate-Salesperson Certification Sample Questions certification Exam [Q65-Q80]

Published date February 17, 2026

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Free Feb-2026 Virginia-Real-Estate-Salesperson Certification Sample Questions certification Exam

Certification Topics of Virginia-Real-Estate-Salesperson Exam PDF Recently Updated Questions

NO.65 Disclosure is an important part of a brokerage’s duties and responsibilities. Which of the following is NOT an important disclosure all brokerages should make?

disclosure of agency

disclosure of an area’s demographics of race and ethnicity

disclosure of financial condition

disclosure of all offers

Brokerages have legal and ethical disclosure obligations, including:
Disclosure of agency (who the licensee represents).
Disclosure of financial condition (as it pertains to ability to complete transaction).
Disclosure of all offers (must present promptly).
However, disclosing demographics of race and ethnicity violates the Fair Housing Act because it could encourage steering or discrimination. This type of disclosure is explicitly prohibited.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Federal Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C. §§ 3601-3619)
Virginia Fair Housing Law, Code of Virginia Title 36, Ch. 5.1
Real Estate Board Regulations (18 VAC 135-20-300) – Standards of conduct

NO.66 Per se violations are:

acts that are NOT considered inherentty illegal

acts that are in violation of the TCPA

acts that are in violation of CAN-SPAM

acts that are considered inherently illegal

In antitrust law, a per se violation is an act that is considered inherently illegal, regardless of intent or outcome.
Examples in real estate:
Price-fixing (brokers agreeing on commission rates).
Market allocation (dividing territories or clients).
Group boycotts (agreeing not to deal with a competitor).
These acts automatically violate the Sherman Antitrust Act without requiring proof of harm.
Other options confuse per se violations with other laws like TCPA (Do Not Call) or CAN-SPAM (email).
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1-7
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Antitrust section
A490-02REGS.pdf – Professional conduct and antitrust

NO.67 Ernest is a third-party trustee who is holding a title for the lender of a home loan that is secured by a trust deed. The title gives Ernest limited rights sufficient to carry out the terms of the trust. What kind of title does Ernest hold?

clean title

dirty title

naked title

skinny title

In Virginia (a deed of trust state), when property is financed, a third-party trustee (like Ernest) holds naked title (also called bare legal title) on behalf of the lender.
The borrower retains equitable title (the right to live in and enjoy the property).
The trustee’s limited rights exist only to enforce the terms of the trust deed (e.g., initiating foreclosure if borrower defaults).
This differs from “clean title” or “dirty title,” which are not legal terms, and “skinny title,” which is not recognized in real estate law.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Code of Virginia § 55.1-3200 et seq. (Deeds of Trust)
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Financing & Title theory vs. lien theory section A490-02REGS.pdf – Mortgage/Trust Deed curriculum

NO.68 Alana is renting a three-bedroom home for one year. Alana is the:

tenant or lessee

holdover tenant

optionor

tenant or lessor

Tenant/lessee = person renting property under a lease.
Alana rents the home for one year → she is the tenant/lessee.
Other options:
(B) Holdover tenant – stays after lease expires.
(C) Optionor – person giving an option contract, not a renter.
(D) Lessor – landlord/owner, not tenant.
Reference:
Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (VRLTA), Code of Virginia §55.1-1200 Real Estate Principles – Leasehold Estates

NO.69 Contracts for the initial purchase of a cooperative interest may be rescinded without penalty how many days after either contract ratification or receipt of the POS?

5 days

14 days

21 days

10 days

Under the Virginia Cooperative Act:
Purchasers of an initial cooperative interest have the right to rescind the purchase contract within 5 days after ratification of the contract or receipt of the Public Offering Statement (POS), whichever is later.
This rescission is without penalty, and all deposits must be refunded.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Virginia Code § 55.1-2175 (Rescission rights in cooperative interest contracts) A490-02REGS.pdf – Common Interest Communities section

NO.70 Which of these ownership concepts gives each co-owner the right to possession of the whole property?

sole proprietorship

undivided interest

unity of time

equitable interest

In co-ownership, the principle of undivided interest means each co-owner has:
The right to possess and use the entire property, not just a physical portion.
Equal rights of possession regardless of ownership percentage.
Other options:
Sole proprietorship (A): Single owner, not co-ownership.
Unity of time (C): A required element of joint tenancy but not the concept granting rights to the whole property.
Equitable interest (D): Refers to the rights of a buyer under contract before receiving legal title.
Thus, the correct answer is undivided interest.
Reference:
Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices (Ownership Section)
Code of Virginia §55.1 (Property & Conveyances)

NO.71 An opinion of title, a certificate of title, a Torrens certificate, and title insurance are all examples of:

cloud on a title

equitable title

evidence of title

chain of title

Evidence of title refers to documents or assurances showing that the seller has good title to convey.
Examples include:
Opinion of title (by attorney)
Certificate of title
Torrens certificate
Title insurance policy
These are all methods of proving ownership rights.
Other options:
(A) Cloud on title = defects/encumbrances.
(B) Equitable title = buyer’s right after signing a contract but before closing.
(D) Chain of title = historical record of ownership.
Reference:
Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices – Title Evidence
Code of Virginia §55.1 (Property and Conveyances)

NO.72 A type of (usually commercial) lease in which the tenant pays a base rent amount and a percentage of their business profits to the landlord is a:

gross lease

percentage lease

net lease

ground lease

A percentage lease is most commonly used in commercial real estate, especially retail.
The tenant pays a base rent plus a percentage of their business’s gross sales/profits to the landlord.
Example: Shopping mall tenants, restaurants, or department stores.
Other options:
(A) Gross lease = tenant pays fixed rent; landlord pays expenses.
(C) Net lease = tenant pays base rent + some or all operating expenses (taxes, insurance, maintenance).
(D) Ground lease = long-term lease of land (tenant builds on leased land).
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Types of leases
A490-02REGS.pdf – Leasing curriculum

NO.73 Clarence owns three rental homes he doesn’t have time to oversee himself. He decides to hire George to take care of his rental units in the hopes of maximizing the return on his investment. What role is George filling?

sponsoring broker

appraisal manager

broker’s agent

property manager

A property manager is hired by an owner to manage rental property, maintain operations, and maximize return on investment.
Other options:
(A) Sponsoring broker – oversees real estate salespersons, not rentals.
(B) Appraisal manager – not a real estate role.
(C) Broker’s agent – represents broker in brokerage activities, not property management.
Reference:
Code of Virginia §54.1-2100 (definition includes property management as brokerage services) Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices – Property Management

NO.74 What was the outcome of Plessy v. Ferguson?

The Supreme Court decided that “separate but equal” separation of the races was legal as long as Black and white facilities were equal.

The Supreme Court decided that racial segregation of children in public schools was illegal.

The Supreme Court decided that the enforcement of racially based restrictive covenants was illegal.

The Supreme Court decided that racially based zoning was illegal.

In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law mandating racial segregation in railway cars.
The Court ruled that racial segregation was constitutional under the “separate but equal” doctrine.
This legalized segregation in public facilities for decades until overturned by Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
Other options:
(B) Refers to Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
(C) Refers to Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) (restrictive covenants).
(D) Refers to Buchanan v. Warley (1917) (racial zoning).
Reference (Virginia Real Estate & Civil Rights Law):
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
Virginia Fair Housing Law history and case law integration

NO.75 Stigmatized properties are properties:

with suppressed market value due to their physical condition or features

that are exempt from ad valorem taxes

with market prices far exceeding other similar properties within an area

with suppressed market value due to something that happened on or to the property, rather than the physical condition or features of the property

A stigmatized property is one that has a psychological impact on potential buyers, not a physical defect. Examples:
Property where a murder, suicide, or crime occurred.
Homes associated with alleged hauntings.
Properties connected to diseases like HIV/AIDS.
Such events may reduce market value, even though the property is structurally sound.
Other options:
(A) Describes physical defects.
(B) Ad valorem tax exemptions apply to some properties (e.g., nonprofits, veterans), not stigmatized homes.
(C) Overpriced properties are not necessarily stigmatized.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Virginia Code § 55.1-713 (no duty to disclose stigmatization, e.g., death or HIV status) Virginia Real Estate Principles – Property condition & disclosure section

NO.76 In addition to evaluating borrower creditworthiness, to complete the loan approval process, the underwriter needs to evaluate the:

tender

property

broker

seller

Loan underwriting evaluates two things:
Borrower’s creditworthiness (income, debt, credit score).
The property’s value and suitability (via appraisal, condition, and title review).
The lender needs to ensure that the property provides sufficient collateral in case of default.
Other options:
(A) Tender – unrelated.
(C) Broker – not evaluated.
(D) Seller – irrelevant to loan approval.
Reference:
Fannie Mae Selling Guide – Loan Underwriting
Virginia Real Estate Finance Principles – Loan Process

NO.77 In Virginia, how many years do records need to be kept for?

one year

three years

two years

five years

Virginia requires brokers and firms to retain all financial, transactional, and escrow records for three years.
This includes contracts, disclosures, closing statements, and escrow records.
The three-year period usually begins from the date of closing or termination of the transaction.
Reference:
Virginia Code §54.1-2108 (Broker records retention requirements)

NO.78 Larry’s new tenant, who uses a wheelchair, asks Larry to install grab bars in the bathtub, as well as lowered light switches. The tenant is asking for:

injunctions, and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) will cover the cost

bias, and Larry is not obligated to complete the request

modifications, and Larry can require that the tenant pay for their installation

accommodations, and Larry must pay for them, no matter the expense

Under the Fair Housing Act (FHA), landlords must permit reasonable modifications to rental units to allow persons with disabilities full use and enjoyment of the premises.
Examples: installing grab bars, lowering light switches, widening doorways.
Cost responsibility: The tenant typically pays for these modifications unless the housing is federally funded. The landlord may require the tenant to restore the unit to its original condition at the end of tenancy (reasonable wear and tear excluded).
This differs from reasonable accommodations, which are changes to policies/rules (e.g., allowing a service animal) and must be paid for by the housing provider.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Federal Fair Housing Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 3601-3619
Virginia Fair Housing Law (Code of Virginia Title 36, Ch. 5.1)
A490-02REGS.pdf – Fair Housing curriculum

NO.79 What is a marketable title?

the official opinion of an attorney regarding the condition of a property’s title

an abbreviated history of a property, including information on any transfers, grants, wills, conveyances, liens, and encumbrances

a title free from significant encumbrances or defects (such as liens) that might prevent a purchaser from enjoying or eventually selling the property

constructive or actual notice of real property ownership

Marketable title means the title is clear enough that a prudent buyer would accept it.
It is free from serious defects, liens, or encumbrances that could jeopardize ownership or resale.
Other options:
(A) Opinion of title = attorney’s assessment, not the title itself.
(B) Abbreviated history = abstract of title.
(D) Constructive/actual notice = legal doctrines, not marketability.
Reference:
Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices – Title Concepts
Code of Virginia §55.1-900 et seq. (Title and conveyances)

NO.80 The relationship between a property manager and the property owner is most comparable to that of a:

tenant with a landlord

stockholder with the board of directors of a corporation

salesperson with their broker

cashier with the owner of a store

A property manager acts as an agent for the property owner.
The manager owes fiduciary duties to the owner, similar to how a salesperson works under and owes duties to their broker.
Other comparisons:
(A) Tenant/landlord = contractual lease, not fiduciary.
(B) Stockholder/board = ownership vs governance, not agency.
(D) Cashier/store owner = employee/employer, not fiduciary agent.
Reference:
Code of Virginia §54.1-2100 (definitions of brokerage relationships, property management included) Virginia Real Estate Board Regulations (agency and fiduciary duties)

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