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The Best ISACA CISM Study Guides and Dumps of 2026 [Q428-Q452]

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The Best ISACA CISM Study Guides and Dumps of 2026

Top ISACA CISM Exam Audio Study Guide! Practice Questions Edition

NO.428 What is the PRIMARY objective of a post-event review in incident response?

Adjust budget provisioning

Preserve forensic data

Improve the response process

Ensure the incident is fully documented

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The primary objective is to find any weakness in the current process and improve it. The other choices are all secondary.

NO.429 Who is ultimately responsible for the organization’s information?

Data custodian

Chief information security officer (CISO)

Board of directors

Chief information officer (CIO)

Explanation
The board of directors is ultimately responsible for the organization’s information and is tasked with responding to issues that affect its protection. The data custodian is responsible for the maintenance and protection of data. This role is usually filled by the IT department. The chief information security officer (CISO) is responsible for security and carrying out senior management’s directives. The chief information officer (CIO) is responsible for information technology within the organization and is not ultimately responsible for the organization’s information.

NO.430 The BEST method for detecting and monitoring a hacker’s activities without exposing information assets to unnecessary risk is to utilize:

firewalls.

bastion hosts.

decoy files.

screened subnets.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Decoy files, often referred to as honcypots, are the best choice for diverting a hacker away from critical files and alerting security of the hacker’s presence. Firewalls and bastion hosts attempt to keep the hacker out, while screened subnets or demilitarized zones (DM/.s) provide a middle ground between the trusted internal network and the external untrusted Internet.

NO.431 Which of the following is MOST critical when creating an incident response plan?

Identifying vulnerable data assets

Identifying what constitutes an incident

Documenting incident notification and escalation processes

Aligning with the risk assessment process

= Documenting incident notification and escalation processes is the most critical step when creating an incident response plan, as this ensures that the appropriate stakeholders are informed and involved in the response process. Identifying vulnerable data assets, what constitutes an incident, and aligning with the risk assessment process are important, but not as critical as documenting the communication and escalation procedures. Reference = CISM Review Manual 2023, page 1631; CISM Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Manual 2023, page 282

NO.432 Implementing the principle of least privilege PRIMARILY requires the identification of:

job duties

data owners

primary risk factors.

authentication controls

Implementing the principle of least privilege primarily requires the identification of job duties. Job duties are the specific tasks and responsibilities that an individual performs as part of their role in the organization. By identifying the job duties, the organization can determine the minimum access privileges necessary for each individual to perform their assigned function, and nothing more. This helps to reduce the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, or compromise of information and resources. The principle of least privilege is a key security principle that states that every module (such as a user, a process, or a program) must be able to access only the information and resources that are necessary for its legitimate purpose12.
The other options are not the primary factors that require identification for implementing the principle of least privilege. Data owners are the individuals or entities that have the authority and responsibility to define the classification, usage, and protection of data. Data owners may be involved in granting or revoking access privileges to data, but they are not the ones who identify the job duties of the data users. Primary risk factors are the sources or causes of potential harm or loss to the organization. Primary risk factors may influence the level of access privileges granted to users, but they are not the ones who define the job duties of the users. Authentication controls are the mechanisms that verify the identity of users or systems before granting access to resources. Authentication controls may enforce the principle of least privilege, but they are not the ones who determine the job duties of the users. Reference = What Is the Principle of Least Privilege and Why is it Important? – F5 1
4

NO.433 Which of the following is MOST helpful in the development of a cost-effective information security strategy that is aligned with business requirements?

Enforcing data retention

Developing policy standards

Benchmarking against industry peers

Categorizing information assets

NO.434 Risk assessment should be built into which of the following systems development phases to ensure that risks are addressed in a development project?

Programming

Specification

User testing

Feasibility

Explanation
Risk should be addressed as early as possible in the development cycle. The feasibility study should include risk assessment so that the cost of controls can be estimated before the project proceeds. Risk should also be considered in the specification phase where the controls are designed, but this would still be based on the assessment carried out in the feasibility study. Assessment would not be relevant in choice A or C.

NO.435 Which of the following is the GREATEST challenge with assessing emerging risk in an organization?

Lack of a risk framework

Ineffective security controls

Presence of known vulnerabilities

Incomplete identification of threats

The greatest challenge with assessing emerging risk in an organization is the incomplete identification of threats, as emerging risks are often new, unknown, or unfamiliar, and may not be fully understood or assessed. Incomplete identification of threats can lead to gaps in risk analysis and management, and expose the organization to unexpected or unprepared scenarios. The other options, such as lack of a risk framework, ineffective security controls, or presence of known vulnerabilities, are not specific to emerging risks, and may apply to any type of risk assessment. Reference:
https://committee.iso.org/sites/tc262/home/projects/ongoing/iso-31022-guidelines-for-impl-2.html
https://www.isaca.org/resources/news-and-trends/newsletters/atisaca/2023/volume-6/emerging-risk-analysis
https://projectriskcoach.com/emerging-risks/

NO.436 Which of the following is the MOST important function of an information security steering committee?

Assigning data classifications to organizational assets

Developing organizational risk assessment processes

Obtaining multiple perspectives from the business

Defining security standards for logical access controls

An information security steering committee is a group of senior executives and managers from different business units and functions who provide strategic direction, oversight, and support for the information security program. The most important function of the committee is to obtain multiple perspectives from the business, as this helps to ensure that the information security program aligns with the business goals, needs, and culture, and that the security decisions reflect the interests and expectations of the stakeholders.
References = CISM Review Manual 2022, page 331; CISM Exam Content Outline, Domain 1, Knowledge Statement 1.22; Improve Security Governance With a Security Steering Committee2; The Role of the Corporate Information Security Steering Committee3

NO.437 The PRIMARY consideration when responding to a ransomware attack should be to ensure:

backups are available.

the most recent patches have been applied.

the ransomware attack is contained

the business can operate

Ensuring the business can operate is the primary consideration when responding to a ransomware attack because it helps to minimize the disruption and impact of the attack on the organization’s mission-critical functions and services. Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts the files or systems of the victims and demands payment for their decryption. Ransomware attacks can cause significant operational, financial, and reputational damage to organizations, especially if they affect their core business processes or customer data. Therefore, ensuring the business can operate is the primary consideration when responding to a ransomware attack.
Reference:
https://www.cisa.gov/stopransomware/ransomware-guide
https://csrc.nist.gov/Projects/ransomware-protection-and-response
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/security/fundamentals/ransomware-detect-respond

NO.438 Which of the following would BEST mitigate accidental data loss events?

Enforce a data hard drive encryption policy

Conduct a data loss prevention audit

Conduct periodic user awareness training

Obtain senior management support for the information security strategy

NO.439 When establishing classifications of security incidents for the development of an incident response plan, which of the following provides the MOST valuable input?

Business impact analysis (BIA) results

Recommendations from senior management

The business continuity plan (BCP)

Vulnerability assessment results

NO.440 An organization plans to process marketing data using a Software as a Service (SaaS) application via the Internet To mitigate the associated risk, what is the information security manager’s MOST important course of action?

Include service level agreements (SLAs) in the contract

Evaluate the application functionality

Include right to audit in the contract

Conduct a vendor security assessment

NO.441 When drafting the corporate privacy statement for a public website, which of the following MUST be included?

Limited liability clause

Explanation of information usage

Information encryption requirements

Access control requirements

A privacy statement should inform the users of the website how their personal information will be collected, used, shared, and protected by the organization. Reference = CISM Review Manual, 16th Edition, Chapter 4, Section 4.2.1.11

NO.442 Which of the following provides the GREATEST assurance that existing controls meet compliance requirements?

Performing independent tests

Evaluating metrics

Performing a risk assessment

Reviewing policies

NO.443 Which of the following has the GREATEST positive impact on the ability to execute a disaster recovery plan (DRP)?

Updating the plan periodically

Conducting a walk-through of the plan

Storing the plan at an offsite location

Communicating the plan to all stakeholders.

NO.444 What is the BEST approach for the information security manager to reduce the impact on a security program due to turnover within the security staff?

Recruit certified staff.

Revise the information security program.

Ensure everyone is trained in their roles.

Document security procedures.

NO.445 A business impact analysis (BIA) is the BEST tool for calculating:

total cost of ownership.

priority of restoration.

annualized loss expectancy (ALE).

residual risk.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
A business impact analysis (BIA) is the best tool for calculating the priority of restoration for applications. It is not used to determine total cost of ownership, annualized loss expectancy (ALE) or residual risk to the organization.

NO.446 Before engaging outsourced providers, an information security manager should ensure that the organization’s data classification requirements:

are compatible with the provider’s own classification.

are communicated to the provider.

exceed those of the outsourcer.

are stated in the contract.

The most effective mechanism to ensure that the organization’s security standards are met by a third party, would be a legal agreement. Choices A. B and C are acceptable options, but not as comprehensive or as binding as a legal contract.

NO.447 An information security manager that is utilizing a public cloud is performing a root cause investigation of an incident that took place in that environment. Which of the following should be the security manager’s MAIN concern?

Limited access to information

Shared infrastructure with other subscribers

Transaction records split into multiple cloud locations

Lack of security log filtering

NO.448 After a server has been attacked, which of the following is the BEST course of action?

Conduct a security audit

Review vulnerability assessment

Isolate the system

Initiate incident response

NO.449 An organization permits the storage and use of its critical and sensitive information on employee-owned smartphones. Which of the following is the BEST security control?

Requiring the backup of the organization’s data by the user

Establishing the authority to remote wipe

Monitoring how often the smartphone is used

Developing security awareness training

Section: INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

NO.450 Which of the following BEST indicates that information assets are classified accurately?

Appropriate prioritization of information risk treatment

Increased compliance with information security policy

Appropriate assignment of information asset owners

An accurate and complete information asset catalog

The best indicator that information assets are classified accurately is appropriate prioritization of information risk treatment. Information asset classification is the process of assigning a level of sensitivity or criticality to information assets based on their value, impact, and legal or regulatory requirements. The purpose of information asset classification is to facilitate the identification and protection of information assets according to their importance and risk exposure. Therefore, if information assets are classified accurately, the organization can prioritize the information risk treatment activities and allocate the resources accordingly. The other options are not direct indicators of information asset classification accuracy, although they may be influenced by it. References = CISM Review Manual 15th Edition, page 671; CISM Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Database – 12 Month Subscription, Question ID: 1031

NO.451 An organization has introduced a new bring your own device (BYOD) program. The security manager has determined that a small number of employees are utilizing free cloud storage services to store company data through their mobile devices. Which of the following is the MOST effective course of action?

Allow the practice to continue temporarily for monitoring purposes.

Disable the employees’ remote access to company email and data

Initiate remote wipe of the devices

Assess the business need to provide a secure solution

The most effective course of action when employees are using free cloud storage services to store company data through their mobile devices is to assess the business need to provide a secure solution, such as a corporate-approved cloud service or a virtual desktop environment. Assessing the business need can help understand why employees are using free cloud storage services, what kind of data they are storing, and what are the security risks and requirements. Based on the assessment, the security manager can propose a secure solution that meets the business needs and complies with the BYOD policy. The other options, such as allowing the practice to continue, disabling remote access, or initiating remote wipe, may not address the underlying business need or may cause disruption or data loss. Reference:
https://www.digitalguardian.com/blog/byod-security-expert-tips-policy-mitigating-risks-preventing-breach
https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2021/03/18/how-to-have-secure-remote-working-with-a-byod-policy/
https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/-infosec-guide-bring-your-own-device-byod

NO.452 Which of the following is MOST effective in preventing weaknesses from being introduced into existing production systems?

Patch management

Change management

Security baselines

Virus detection

Section: INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
Explanation:
Change management controls the process of introducing changes to systems. This is often the point at which a weakness will be introduced. Patch management involves the correction of software weaknesses and would necessarily follow change management procedures. Security baselines provide minimum recommended settings and do not prevent introduction of control weaknesses. Virus detection is an effective tool but primarily focuses on malicious code from external sources, and only for those applications that are online.

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